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Piper nigrum
Indian, Ayurveda, Western aromatherapy
Increases bioavailability (piperine), stimulating, analgesic, digestive, antioxidant
1 drop in capsules with supplements; topical 2-3% dilution
Limonene, beta-caryophyllene, piperine, alpha-pinene
Warming; increases absorption (especially turmeric); stimulating; safe in food amounts; hot/irritating concentrated
Internal (with turmeric/herbs), topical (diluted), aromatherapy
Dosing should be individualized. Consult a qualified herbalist or healthcare practitioner.
Enhances absorption of many drugs and supplements; may interact with CYP450
Pregnancy (high doses); GERD; undiluted topical (irritating)
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