COPD

Anti-inflammatory diet (reduce systemic inflammation), adequate calories (increased metabolic needs in COPD—some patients need 2500-3000 cal/day), adequate protein (prevent muscle wasting—1.2-1.5g/kg), healthy fats (less CO2 production than carbs—important for those with CO2 retention), limit simple carbs (produce more CO2), omega-3 foods (fish, grass-fed meat), colorful vegetables and fruits (antioxidants), avoid mucus-forming foods if problem (dairy for some), adequate hydration (thin mucus), small frequent meals (large meals compress diaphragm, worsen breathing), avoid gas-producing foods (beans, carbonated beverages—abdominal distension impairs breathing).

QUIT SMOKING (absolutely critical—progression continues if still smoking, even reduction helps but cessation necessary), pulmonary rehabilitation (exercise training, education—PROVEN to improve quality of life and reduce hospitalizations, one of most effective interventions), breathing exercises (pursed-lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing), regular exercise (walking, cycling—as tolerated, critical despite difficulty breathing), energy conservation techniques (pace activities, rest breaks), avoid respiratory irritants (smoke, pollution, strong odors, cold air), prevent infections (hand washing, flu and pneumonia vaccines, avoid sick people), supplemental oxygen if prescribed (improves survival in chronic hypoxemia), airway clearance techniques (controlled coughing, chest physiotherapy if excessive mucus), maintain healthy weight (both underweight and overweight worsen COPD), adequate sleep (elevate head of bed if orthopnea), manage anxiety and depression (common in COPD—therapy, support groups), plan for exacerbations (action plan with doctor—when to increase meds, seek care).